基于区块链的数据要素可信流通技术综述

doi:10.11871/jfdc.issn.2096-742X.2023.05.005

数据与计算发展前沿 ›› 2023, Vol. 5 ›› Issue (5): 46-62.

CSTR: 32002.14.jfdc.CN10-1649/TP.2023.05.005

doi: 10.11871/jfdc.issn.2096-742X.2023.05.005

• 专刊:数据要素安全高效流通的关键技术 • 上一篇下一篇

基于区块链的数据要素可信流通技术综述

钟子岳(),朱长昊,李浚哲,张美慧^*()

北京理工大学，计算机学院，北京 100081

收稿日期:2023-05-04 出版日期:2023-10-20 发布日期:2023-10-31
通讯作者: *张美慧（E-mail: meihui_zhang@bit.edu.cn）
作者简介:钟子岳，北京理工大学计算机学院，博士研究生，主要研究方向为区块链系统。
本文主要承担工作为论文选题，全文统筹规划，论文主要部分的撰写与修改。
ZHONG Ziyue is a Ph.D. student at the School of Computer Science & Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology. His research interests include blockchain systems.
In this paper, he is responsible for selecting the research topic, coordinating the overall planning of the paper, and writing and revising the main sections of the paper.
E-mail: ziyue_zhong@bit.edu.cn|张美慧，北京理工大学计算机学院，教授，曾于2014年至2017年任新加坡科技设计大学助理教授。研究方向包括数据分析、海量数据集成、分布式和区块链系统。担任VLDB’18、IEEE ICDE’18、VLDB’19、VLDB’20、SIGMOD’21和ICDE’22的程序委员会副主席/副主编。
本文中负责选题与写作指导、论文最终审定。
ZHANG Meihui is currently a professor with the Beijing Institute of Technology. She was an assistant professor with the Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD), from 2014 to 2017. Her research interests include data analytics, massive data integration, distributed and blockchain systems. She has served as a vice PC chair/associate editor for VLDB’18, IEEE ICDE’18, VLDB’19, VLDB’20, SIGMOD’21, and ICDE’22.
In this paper, she is responsible for topic and writing instruction, paper review and editing.
E-mail: meihui_zhang@bit.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(62072033)

A Survey on Blockchain-Based Trusted Data Elements Circulation

ZHONG Ziyue(),ZHU Changhao,LI Junzhe,ZHANG Meihui^*()

School of Computer Science & Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

Received:2023-05-04 Online:2023-10-20 Published:2023-10-31

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【背景】 数据已然成为经济发展的基础性战略资源。要充分发挥数据要素作用，需要建立数据可信流通体系。【目的】 区块链作为新型可信数据管理平台，能够实现数据可信流通的基本需求。因此，本文将探讨基于区块链的数据要素可信流通技术。【方法】 从建立数据可信流通体系的角度出发，本文首先分析了构建数据要素可信流通体系的基本要求，然后分析了基于区块链实现数据可信流通的技术要点，总结了目前区块链研究领域中可用于实现上述目标的研究工作，并对未来的研究方向提出展望。【结果】 着眼于增强数据可用、可信、可流通、可追溯4个方面，本文对现有区块链系统研究中的存储模型、系统性能扩展方式、数据验证、跨链技术、溯源技术等方面进行总结分析。【结论】 现有研究成果能够基本实现数据要素可信流通体系，但在数据隐私、数据使用和数据表示方面仍存在诸多未解决的问题。

关键词: 区块链, 数据要素流通, 数据管理, 数据存储, 分片, 跨链, 溯源

Abstract:

[Background] Data has become a kind of fundamental strategic resource for economic development. To fully leverage the value of data elements, a trusted data circulation system needs to be established. [Objective] As a new type of trusted data management platform, blockchain can realize the basic needs of trusted data circulation. Therefore, we discuss the trusted circulation technology of data elements based on blockchain in this survey. [Methods] From the perspective of establishing a trusted data circulation system, we first analyze the basic requirements of building a trusted circulation system for data elements. Then, we analyze the main techniques for realizing trusted circulation of data based on blockchain. Finally, we summarize current research works in the research field of blockchain that can be utilized to achieve the mentioned goals and present prospects for future research directions. [Results] Focusing on the aspects of enhancing data availability, credibility, negotiability, and traceability, we summarize and analyze the storage model, system performance scaling methods, data verification techniques, cross-chain techniques, and data provenance techniques of the existing blockchain system. [Conclusions] The existing methods can realize the trusted circulation system of data elements to some extent, yet there are still several unresolved problems in data privacy, utilization, and description.

Key words: blockchains, circulation of data elements, data management, data storage, sharding, cross-chain, provenance

钟子岳, 朱长昊, 李浚哲, 张美慧. 基于区块链的数据要素可信流通技术综述[J]. 数据与计算发展前沿, 2023, 5(5): 46-62.

ZHONG Ziyue, ZHU Changhao, LI Junzhe, ZHANG Meihui. A Survey on Blockchain-Based Trusted Data Elements Circulation[J]. Frontiers of Data and Computing, 2023, 5(5): 46-62, https://cstr.cn/32002.14.jfdc.CN10-1649/TP.2023.05.005.

图/表 2

表1

表2

基于ADS的数据可信查询技术对比"

ADS类型	ADS	支持的查询种类	证明大小	证明生成时间	证明验证时间	特点
基于哈希	Merkle Tree^[37]	布尔查询	$O (l o g n)$	$O (l o g n)$	$O (l o g n)$	构造简单，适用范围广
	MPT^[7]	键值查询	—	—	—	提高访问效率
	MBT^[38]	键值查询	$O (l o g b)$	$O (l o g b)$	$O (l o g b)$	避免数据聚集
	Merkle B-tree^[22]	范围查询	$O (l o g n)$	$O (l o g n)$	$O (l o g n)$	对更新顺序敏感
基于密码学累加器	vChain^[41]	布尔查询范围查询	$O (1)$	$O (n)$	$O (1)$	查询依赖数据编码
基于密码学累加器	vChain+^[42]	多维查询范围查询组合查询	$O (1)$	$O (n)$	$O (1)$	查询能力强，提升查询效率

表2

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系统名称	许可类型	存储模型	扩展方案	跨分片事务	TPS
SEBDB^[12-13]	许可链	关系型	链下扩展	-	10²~10³
BRD^[14]	许可链	关系型	-	-	10²~10³
FalconDB^[15]	许可链	关系型	-	-	10²~10⁴
Elastico^[25]	无许可链	键-值型	分片	不支持	N/A
OmniLedger^[26]	无许可链	键-值型	分片	支持	10⁴~10⁶
Monoxide^[27]	无许可链	键-值型	分片	支持	10⁴
BrokerChain^[28]	无许可链	键-值型	分片	支持	10³
SharPer^[32]	许可链	键-值型	分片	支持	10⁴
Pyramid^[33]	许可链	键-值型	分片	支持	10³~10⁴
Meepo^[34]	许可链	键-值型	分片	支持	10⁴~10⁵
GriDB^[35]	许可链	关系型	分片	支持	10³

基于区块链的数据要素可信流通技术综述

A Survey on Blockchain-Based Trusted Data Elements Circulation

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