火星矿物自动识别及分布制图软件研发

doi:10.11871/jfdc.issn.2096-742X.2025.04.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】目前火星探测已获得海量成像光谱数据，但是对其光谱数据的处理和矿物识别耗时耗力，这对传统人工处理和目视解译方法提出较大挑战。本研究针对火星成像光谱数据的反演需求，开发了一套通用的火星成像光谱数据处理和矿物识别方法，并建立了一套自主的火星矿物自动识别及分布制图软件。【方法】本文开发的软件具备以下功能：（1）矿物种类自动识别：该软件基于火星矿物的RELAB光谱数据，采用FATT方法自动识别火星表面的矿物种类；（2）矿物空间分布制图：结合SAM、SID、SID_SA等多种光谱匹配方法，自动绘制矿物空间分布图；（3）矿物光谱参数分布制图：基于矿物的可见近红外光谱特征（如吸收深度等），自动绘制矿物光谱参数分布图。【结果】本文采用预处理后的MMS、CRISM和OMEGA等成像光谱数据，验证了软件功能和性能。该软件可快速实现火星矿物种类识别和分布制图，极大节约了行星科学家对成像光谱数据的处理步骤和处理时间。

关键词: 火星, 可见近红外成像光谱, 遥感探测, 矿物分布, 软件开发

Abstract:

[Objective] Mars exploration missions have acquired massive imaging spectral data, presenting significant challenges to traditional manual processing and visual interpretation approaches. This study introduces a generalized methodology for processing Martian imaging spectral data, coupled with the development of a software for automatic Martian mineral identification and distribution mapping. [Methods] The software leverages the FATT algorithm based on RELAB spectral datasets to enable automated mineral type classification, integrates spectral matching techniques (SAM, SID, SID_SA) for generating spatial distribution maps, and derives spectral parameter distributions by analyzing visible-near-infrared features (e.g., absorption depth) of Martian minerals. [Results] The validation using preprocessed imaging spectral data from MMS, CRISM, and OMEGA payloads demonstrates that the software facilitates efficient mineral identification and distribution mapping, substantially streamlining processing workflows and reducing analysis time for planetary scientists.

Key words: Mars, visible and near-infrared imaging spectroscopy, remote sensing, mineral distribution, software development

刘长卿, 吕英波, 凌宗成. 火星矿物自动识别及分布制图软件研发[J]. 数据与计算发展前沿, 2025, 7(4): 54-66.

LIU Changqing, LYU Yingbo, LING Zongcheng. Software Development for Martian Mineral Identification and Distribution Mapping[J]. Frontiers of Data and Computing, 2025, 7(4): 54-66, https://cstr.cn/32002.14.jfdc.CN10-1649/TP.2025.04.005.

图/表 14

表1

图1

表2

图2

表3

表4

图3

表5

图4

图5

表6

图6

图7

图8

参考文献 51

[1]	CHRISTENSEN P, MCSWEEN H, BANDFIELD J, et al. Evidence for magmatic evolution and diversity on Mars from infrared observations[J]. Nature, 2005, 436(7050): 504-509.
[2]	BIBRING J P, LANGEVIN Y, GENDRIN A, et al. Mars surface diversity as revealed by the OMEGA/Mars Express observations[J]. Science, 2005, 307(5715): 1576-1581.
[3]	BIBRING J P, LANGEVIN Y, MUSTARD J F, et al. Global mineralogical and aqueous Mars history derived from OMEGA/Mars Express data[J]. Science, 2006, 312(5772): 400-404.
[4]	ARVIDSON R, SEELOS IV F, DEAL K, et al. Mantled and exhumed terrains in Terra Meridiani, Mars[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 2003, 108(E12): 8073.
[5]	ODY A, POULET F, BIBRING J P, et al. Global investigation of olivine on Mars: Insights into crust and mantle compositions[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 2013, 118(2): 234-262.
[6]	KOEPPEN W C, HAMILTON V E. Global distribution, composition, and abundance of olivine on the surface of Mars from thermal infrared data[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 2008, 113(E5): 001.
[7]	BUCZKOWSKI D L, MURCHIE S, CLARK R, et al. Investigation of an Argyre basin ring structure using Mars reconnaissance orbiter/compact reconnaissance imaging spectrometer for Mars[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 2010, 115(E12): 011.
[8]	KOUTSOVITIS P, MAGGANAS A, NTAFLOS T, et al. Rodingitization and carbonation, associated with serpentinization of Triassic ultramafic cumulates and lavas in Othris, Greece[J]. Lithos, 2018, 320: 35-48.
[9]	MUSTARD J F, MURCHIE S L, PELKEY S, et al. Hydrated silicate minerals on Mars observed by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter CRISM instrument[J]. Nature, 2008, 454(7202): 305-309.
[10]	MEUNIER A, PETIT S, EHLMANN B L, et al. Magmatic precipitation as a possible origin of Noachian clays on Mars[J]. Nature Geoscience, 2012, 5(10): 739-743.
[11]	CAWLEY J C, IRWIN III R P. Evolution of escarpments, pediments, and plains in the Noachian highlands of Mars[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 2018, 123(12): 3167-3187.
[12]	CHRISTENSEN P R, BANDFIELD J, CLARK R, et al. Detection of crystalline hematite mineralization on Mars by the Thermal Emission Spectrometer: Evidence for near-surface water[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 2000, 105(E4): 9623-9642.
[13]	CLARK B C, MORRIS R V, MCLENNAN S M, et al. Chemistry and mineralogy of outcrops at Meridiani Planum[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2005, 240(1): 73-94.
[14]	ZOLOTOV M Y, MIRONENKO M V. Chemical models for martian weathering profiles: Insights into formation of layered phyllosilicate and sulfate deposits[J]. Icarus, 2016, 275: 203-220.
[15]	FLAHAUT J, CARTER J, POULET F, et al. Embedded clays and sulfates in Meridiani Planum, Mars[J]. Icarus, 2015, 248: 269-288.
[16]	MILLIKEN R E, BISH D L. Sources and sinks of clay minerals on Mars[J]. Philosophical Magazine, 2010, 90(17-18): 2293-2308.
[17]	WEITZ C M, MILLIKEN R, GRANT J A, et al. Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter observations of light-toned layered deposits and associated fluvial landforms on the plateaus adjacent to Valles Marineris[J]. Icarus, 2010, 205(1): 73-102.
[18]	LORENZO A, GARCíA-VICENTE A, MORALES J, et al. Spectral response (VNIR-SWIR) associated with the octahedral sheet of smectites[J]. Environmental Sciences Proceedings, 2021, 6(1): 23.
[19]	GHREFAT H, AL MUTAIRI Y, ELARABY H, et al. Using reflectance spectroscopy and Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer data to identify bauxite deposits in vicinity of Az Zabirah, northern Saudi Arabia[J]. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 2021, 14(9): 820.
[20]	FARRAND W H, GLOTCH T D, HORGAN B. Detection of copiapite in the northern Mawrth Vallis region of Mars: Evidence of acid sulfate alteration[J]. Icarus, 2014, 241: 346-357.
[21]	FOX V, ARVIDSON R, GUINNESS E, et al. Smectite deposits in Marathon Valley, Endeavour Crater, Mars, identified using CRISM hyperspectral reflectance data[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2016, 43(10): 4885-4892.
[22]	FARRAND W H, GLOTCH T D, RICE JR J W, et al. Discovery of jarosite within the Mawrth Vallis region of Mars: Implications for the geologic history of the region[J]. Icarus, 2009, 204(2): 478-488.
[23]	LING Z, CAO F, NI Y, et al. Correlated analysis of chemical variations with spectroscopic features of the K-Na jarosite solid solutions relevant to Mars[J]. Icarus, 2016, 271: 19-29.
[24]	LIU C, LING Z, ZHANG J, et al. Laboratory Raman and VNIR spectroscopic studies of jarosite and other secondary mineral mixtures relevant to Mars[J]. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 2020, 51(9): 1575-1588.
[25]	HUGHES E, WRAY J, RIVERA-HERNáNDEZ F, et al. Raman and VNIR Spectra of Sri Lanka Serpentine Zone Minerals with Relevance to Nile Fossae and Jezero Crater, Mars[M]. 55th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. 2024: 2303.
[26]	LIU W P, YIN W, YE B L, et al. Reliable spectroscopic identification of minerals associated with serpentinization: Relevance to Mars exploration[J]. Icarus, 2023, 394: 115440.
[27]	HONG D X, LIU C Z, LIN H L, et al. Near-infrared spectral characterization of the abyssal serpentinites and its implications for Martian exploration[J]. Lithos, 2025, 508-509: 108077.
[28]	EHLMANN B L, MUSTARD J F, MURCHIE S L. Geologic setting of serpentine deposits on Mars[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2010, 37(6): 53-67.
[29]	EMRAN A, TARNAS J D, STACK K M. Global Distribution of Serpentine on Mars[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2025, 52(2): e2024GL110630.
[30]	TARNAS J, STACK K, PARENTE M, et al. Characteristics, origins, and biosignature preservation potential of carbonate-bearing rocks within and outside of Jezero crater[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 2021, 126(11): e2021JE006898.
[31]	HARNER P L, GILMORE M S. Visible-near infrared spectra of hydrous carbonates, with implications for the detection of carbonates in hyperspectral data of Mars[J]. Icarus, 2015, 250: 204-214.
[32]	EHLMANN B L, MUSTARD J F, MURCHIE S L, et al. Orbital Identification of Carbonate-Bearing Rocks on Mars[J]. Science, 2008, 322(5909): 1828-1832. doi: 10.1126/science.1164759 pmid: 19095939
[33]	HE Z, XU R, LI C, et al. Mars mineralogical spectrometer (MMS) on the Tianwen-1 mission[J]. Space Science Reviews, 2021, 217: 1-36.
[34]	MURCHIE S, ARVIDSON R, BEDINI P, et al. Compact reconnaissance imaging spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) on Mars reconnaissance orbiter (MRO)[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 2007, 112(E5): S03.
[35]	BIBRING J P, SOUFFLOT A, BERTHé M, et al. OMEGA: Observatoire pour la Minéralogie, l’Eau, les Glaces et l’Activité[M]. Mars Express: the scientific payload. City, 2004: 37-49.
[36]	ODY A, POULET F, LANGEVIN Y, et al. Global maps of anhydrous minerals at the surface of Mars from OMEGA/MEx[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 2012, 117: E00J14
[37]	FIGUERA R M, HUU B P, ROSSI A P, et al. Online characterization of planetary surfaces: PlanetServer, an open-source analysis and visualization tool[J]. Planetary Space Science, 2018, 150: 141-156.
[38]	SARANATHAN A M, PARENTE M. Adversarial feature learning for improved mineral mapping of CRISM data[J]. Icarus, 2021, 355: 114107.
[39]	AMADOR E S, BANDFIELD J L, THOMAS N H. A search for minerals associated with serpentinization across Mars using CRISM spectral data[J]. Icarus, 2018, 311: 113-134.
[40]	PLEBANI E, EHLMANN B L, LEASK E K, et al. A machine learning toolkit for CRISM image analysis[J]. Icarus, 2022, 376: 114849.
[41]	COMBE J P, LE MOUéLIC S, SOTIN C, et al. Analysis of OMEGA/Mars Express data hyperspectral data using a Multiple-Endmember Linear Spectral Unmixing Model (MELSUM): Methodology and first results[J]. Planetary and Space Science, 2008, 56(7): 951-975.
[42]	MOUSSAOUI S, HAUKSDóTTIR H, SCHMIDT F, et al. On the decomposition of Mars hyperspectral data by ICA and Bayesian positive source separation[J]. Neurocomputing, 2008, 71(10): 2194-2208.
[43]	LIN H, TARNAS J D, MUSTARD J F, et al. Dynamic aperture factor analysis/target transformation (DAFA/TT) for Mg-serpentine and Mg-carbonate mapping on Mars with CRISM near-infrared data[J]. Icarus, 2021, 355: 114168.
[44]	BANDFIELD J L, CHRISTENSEN P R, SMITH M D. Spectral data set factor analysis and end-member recovery: Application to analysis of Martian atmospheric particulates[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Planets, 2000, 105(E4): 9573-9587.
[45]	VIVIANO-BECK C E, SEELOS F P, MURCHIE S L, et al. Revised CRISM spectral parameters and summary products based on the currently detected mineral diversity on Mars[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 2014, 119(6): 1403-1431.
[46]	NOE DOBREA E, WRAY J, CALEF III F, et al. Hydrated minerals on Endeavour Crater’s rim and interior, and surrounding plains: New insights from CRISM data[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2012, 39(23): L23201.
[47]	BELL J F, MORRIS R V, ADAMS J B. Thermally altered palagonitic tephra: A spectral and process analog to the soil and dust of Mars[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 1993, 98(E2): 3373-3385.
[48]	MORRIS R V, GOLDEN D C, BELL J F, et al. Mineralogy, composition, and alteration of Mars Pathfinder rocks and soils: Evidence from multispectral, elemental, and magnetic data on terrestrial analogue, SNC meteorite, and Pathfinder samples[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 2000, 105(E1): 1757-1817.
[49]	FARRAND W H, BELL J F, JOHNSON J R, et al. Spectral variability among rocks in visible and near-infrared multispectral Pancam data collected at Gusev crater: Examinations using spectral mixture analysis and related techniques[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 2006, 111(E2): S15.
[50]	POULET F, GOMEZ C, BIBRING J P, et al. Martian surface mineralogy from Observatoire pour la Mineralogie, l’Eau, les Glaces et l’Activite on board the Mars Express spacecraft (OMEGA/MEx): Global mineral maps[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 2007, 112(E8): S02.
[51]	BELL J F, MCSWEEN H Y, CRISP J A, et al. Mineralogic and compositional properties of Martian soil and dust: Results from Mars Pathfinder[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 2000, 105(E1): 1721-1755.

矿物类型		矿物名称	RELAB光谱编号
火成矿物	辉石	低钙辉石	C1PX17
	辉石	高钙辉石	C1PX18
	橄榄石	镁橄榄石	C1DD37
	橄榄石	铁橄榄石	C1DD45
	斜长石	斜长石	C2LR210
硫酸盐	钙硫酸盐	石膏	C2PG03
	钙硫酸盐	硬石膏	CAEC02
	铁硫酸盐	高铁叶绿矾	C1JB620A
		水铁矾	C1JB622A
		叶绿矾	CACC13
		黄钾铁矾	C1PJ01
	镁硫酸盐	硫酸镁石	C1CC15
	铝硫酸盐	明矾石	C1CY02
碳酸盐	镁碳酸盐	镁碳酸盐	C1JB946A
	铁镁碳酸盐	铁镁碳酸盐	C1JBB62A
	铁碳酸盐	铁碳酸盐	C1JBB63A
	钙碳酸盐	方解石	C1JBE57A
次生硅酸盐	黏土矿物	高岭石	CBJB25、C1CY17
		绿脱石	CBJB26
		钙蒙脱石	C1CY25
		钠蒙脱石	C1CY26
		伊利石	C1CY12
		绿泥石	C1CL14
		蛇纹石	C1SP04
	其他次生矿物	滑石	C1SR52A
	其他次生矿物	葡萄石	C1ZE03
氧化物	铁氧化物	赤铁矿	C1RH04
玄武岩玻璃			C1MM76A

任务名称	载荷名称	谱段范围
天问一号	MMS	0.379 μm~1.076 μm
MRO	CRISM	0.36 μm~1.05 μm
MRO	CRISM	1.0 μm~3.9 μm
火星快车	OMEGA	0.38 μm~1.05 μm
火星快车	OMEGA	0.93 μm~2.73 μm

光谱参数	${\lambda }_{short}$/μm	${\lambda }_{center}$/μm	${\lambda }_{long}$/μm	c
LCPINDEX	1.56	2.45	1.69	0.2
			1.75	0.2
			1.81	0.3
			1.87	0.2
HCPINDEX	1.69	2.50	2.12	0.1
			2.14	0.1
			2.23	0.15
			2.25	0.3
			2.43	0.2
			2.46	0.15
OLINDEX	1.75	1.826	1.21	0.1
			1.25	0.1
			1.263	0.2
			1.276	0.2
			1.33	0.4

光谱参数	物质成分	分类
BD_530	含铁氧化物、纳米相赤铁矿	赤铁矿
BD_860	赤铁矿结晶状态	赤铁矿
BD_640	磁铁矿	磁铁矿
BD_920	低钙辉石	低钙辉石
BD_2165	Al-OH	Al-OH
BD_2190	Al-OH	Al-OH
BD_2210	Al-OH	Al-OH
BD_2250	Al-OH和Si-OH	Al-OH
BD_2265	黄钾铁矾、水铝矿、酸性淋滤绿脱石等	层状硅酸盐
BD_2290	Mg-OH、Fe-OH、干冰等	层状硅酸盐
BD_2355	绿泥石、葡萄石等	层状硅酸盐
MIN_2200	高岭石	层状硅酸盐
MIN_2250	蛋白石	层状硅酸盐
BD_1435	干冰	干冰
BD_1330	斜长石中的Fe²⁺	火成矿物
LCPINDEX	低钙辉石	火成矿物
HCPINDEX	高钙辉石	火成矿物
OLINDEX	橄榄石	火成矿物
BD_2100	单水硫酸盐中的H₂O	硫酸盐
BD_2230	羟基硫酸铁	硫酸盐
SINDEX	含水硫酸盐	硫酸盐
BD_1400	H₂O和-OH	水/OH
BD_1750	H₂O	水/OH
BD_1900	H₂O	水/OH
BD_1500	水冰	水冰
BD_2500	Mg碳酸盐	碳酸盐
MIN_2295_2480	Mg碳酸盐	碳酸盐
MIN_2345_2537	Ca碳酸盐、Fe碳酸盐	碳酸盐

载荷名称	数据名称	谱段范围
MMS	V_SCI_N_20220320132640_20220320135238_01004_A_sub_15.0_-10.0_Geo.png	0.379 μm~1.076 μm
CRISM_S	hrl0000b8c2_07_if183s_trr3_corr_despike_p.img	0.36 μm~1.05 μm
CRISM_L	hrl0000b8c2_07_if183l_trr3_CAT_corr_select_remove bad_destripe_despike_p.img	1.0 μm~3.9 μm
OMEGA_V	orb0478_4.qub_V.IMG	0.38 μm~1.05 μm
OMEGA_C	orb0478_4.qub_C_corr.IMG	0.93 μm~2.73 μm