Fig.1

The structure and components of CAS-ESM"

Fig.2

The computation ration of different components in CAS-ESM (colored columns , left label) and the model runtime (grey curve, right label) ."

Table 1

Regional Gaussian filtering scheme"

Fig.3

Runtime of IAP-AGCM4.1 on 2D and 3D decomposition [26]"

Fig.4

(a) Overall scaling comparison for original and leap-format 3D dynamical core; (b) Speedup and parallel efficiency of the leap-format 3D dynamical core [28]."

Fig.5

(a) The computing speed of the model before and after optimization, blue line for original model, red line for the model with communication optimization, floating point performance optimization, etc., green line for the fully optimized model; (b) The speedup of the fully optimized model on NUDT E-level super computer [29] ."

Fig.6

The sketch map of the code-auto-generating templet for the model’s compiling-running and coupling connection [33]"

Table 2

The configure files"

Fig.7

The global distributions of the summer precipitation: the simulations of IAP-AGCM4.1 (a) and IAP-AGCM5 (b), and the results from two observation data (c and d)."

Fig.8

The global distributions of the different land surface types simulated by IAP-DGVM in CAS-ESM2.0: tree, shrub, grass and bare soil respectively."

Fig.9

The surface CO2 distributions simulated by CAS-ESM2.0 for (a) January and (b) July, respectively."

Table 3

The model comparison experiments in CMIP6"